Apprenticeships in higher education: Yes, but not at any cost
Have efforts to promote apprenticeships gone too far, particularly in higher education? To avoid a free-ride effect, it is important to ensure that young people receive genuine guidance.
Marion Polge, University of Montpellier and Sarah Mussol, University of Montpellier
The government has never provided this much support for apprenticeships. Despite significant budgetary pressures, a press release from the Ministry of Labor (December 30, 2024) announced a hiring subsidy of 5,000 € for companies with fewer than 250 employees and 2,000 € for others in 2025. Since the 2018 reform, the hiring subsidy had been €6,000.
According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the number of apprentices rose from 51,000 in 2000 to more than 600,000 in 2024, though the rate of growth appears to be slowing. The significant cost of the measures implemented (25 billion euros in 2022, funded by the government) must be weighed against the results in terms of job placement and, above all, the restructuring of the training landscape, as the Court of Auditors had already pointed out in a June 2022 report. The recent report published by the General Inspectorate of Finance in March 2024 proposes directions for the future of financial support for apprenticeships, given the mixed results of the measures.
A Mixed Record of Professional Development
The high hopes placed on improving students’ transition into the workforce need to be qualified. While in the 1990s, the expansion of apprenticeship programs made it possible, in particular,to involve businesses more closely in training, today it seems necessary to put the impact of work-study programs on the transition into the workforce into perspective. The results of a Cereq study on master’s students conclude that the relationship between stable employment at the 30-month mark and apprenticeship programs is not clear-cut.
On the other hand, other positive effects—such as responsibility and compensation—reflect issues that are less objective than the hiring process itself. Work-study programs thus provide a framework for understanding the connections between work, employment, and quality of life. According to Laura Gérardin (HSE Manager, France TV Studio, apprenticeship supervisor):
"The main purpose of an apprenticeship is to help them get a foot in the door of the professional world and to really understand what to expect from their future career."
The quality of certain training programs is being questioned
Financial support for apprenticeships has, above all, whetted the appetite of many private institutions seeking a new business model. Relying on an aggressive business strategy, they offer students programs that are virtually funded by the apprenticeship program and provide employers with low-cost apprentices whose school schedules are significantly reduced. As the program discussed at length Complément d’enquête (April 24, 2024, France2), the lack of transparency in the system benefits certain schools—sometimes backed by large corporations—at the expense of truly high-quality education.
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On the corporate side, Muriel Fournier, CEO of Espace Propreté, notes:
“I have interns at various schools. At accredited institutions, they’re less available, and the schedules are more rigid. But the students receive a solid education; they come back to us with new ideas, and ultimately, they bring us what matters most: knowledge and critical thinking.”
As discontent grows among some employers and students, the system is sliding into a two-tiered system (priority given to training versus work experience) amid a lack of transparency.
Comprehensive support
Behind the “magic formula” of work-study programs lies a complex support system that universities have put in place through rigorous programs designed to validate students’ assignments, link those assignments to the educational content of the programs, and provide support to students throughout the duration of their contract. Thus, a student in a master’s-level hospitality and tourism management apprenticeship program is not required to work in guest services. They may participate on an exceptional basis, but their primary role is managerial.
In addition, he must be supervised on a daily basis by a training supervisor who ensures that he is acquiring new skills on the job that complement his classroom training.
An apprentice cannot and should not be considered a “second-class employee.”
When an apprentice is at the company, it’s important to emphasize that they are also in training. “You have to devote time to them to help them develop their skills, build their soft skills, and show them what it’s really like on the job,” explains Laura Gérardin, an apprenticeship mentor. https://www.youtube.com/embed/i3y8q6j55hM?wmode=transparent&start=0, Figaro TV, 2024.
Have all mentors fully grasped the importance of their role for the future of these graduates? Do we truly have the means to support them in their mentoring responsibilities? Human resources are sometimes lacking, and due to time constraints, the monitoring of apprentices can become lax. Universities were not built around these vocational programs; they must adapt their culture.
Is there a risk of superficiality?
The introduction of financial incentives has profoundly transformed not only the training system but also its pedagogical approaches. Work-study programs broaden the scope of knowledge but limit the depth of learning. They require a commitment from academic advisors and apprenticeship mentors to compensate for the discontinuity in the pace of instruction.
This collaboration between businesses and universities also helps create the framework needed to develop new skills and provide guided expertise. Apprenticeships, therefore, represent an ambitious training initiative: but do we have the resources for it? Have we truly rethought, in depth, the purpose of training acquired through work-study programs?
Too many schools are turning this innovative, collaborative training framework into a profitable“business case,” at the expense of poorly trained young people who will become disengaged future employees. Sometimes driven by a lack of scruples, but often simply due to a lack of understanding of the teaching profession, these institutions remind us that our student apprentices hold the seeds of tomorrow’s skills.
Marion Polge, Associate Professor (HDR) in Management Sciences, University of Montpellier and Sarah Mussol, Associate Professor of Management Sciences, University of Montpellier
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Readthe original article.