[LUM#14] Green Bills
The University of Montpellier is the first in France to offer a in green finance. While the concept may seem like an oxymoron, the financial sector could very well be a key player in the ecological transition. Explanations from Adrien Nguyen-Huu, a researcher at the Center for Environmental Economics in Montpellier* and co-director of this groundbreaking program.
To begin with, where did the concept of green finance come from?
It’s a topic that emerged very quietly in the 2000s, in the context of climate negotiations, but it really took off in 2015 with the Paris Agreement and then in 2017 with the One Planet Summit that banks stepped into the spotlight as a sort of conduit for public policy.
A stepping stone to what?
Over the past five years or so, awareness of climate risk issues has grown within the financial sector. At the same time, citizens and climate stakeholders have grown frustrated with international and national public policies deemed unambitious or too slow. Investment banks have thus emerged as actors capable of influencing the reallocation of large volumes of savings, while retail banks are a primary source of investment in green projects.
But what incentive do banks have to invest in green initiatives?
Let’s set aside the branding efforts, which obviously exist. Investing in green assets allows for portfolio diversification. The inertia of the climate crisis is such that by the time its first effects appear on banks’ balance sheets, it will already be too late to protect against them. Insurance companies were the first to realize this and to assert that a world 4°C warmer is uninsurable. The financial sector is no exception: which investment sectors hold the future? Investors are, in principle, fairly indifferent to whether they’re investing in yogurt containers or nuclear power plants. If the markets anticipate a risk, investors cannot ignore it and will react very quickly, even if their investment horizon is reputed to be short.
What types of risk are we talking about?
First, physical risks are the actual events to which institutions may be exposed (rising sea levels, extreme weather events). Next, transition risks are linked to public policies and regulations aimed at curbing climate change, which could lead to the depreciation of assets held by banks. Imagine this: you have Total in your portfolio, and suddenly they’re banned from exploring certain parts of the world. Total’s value drops by half, and your portfolio crashes. A transition that’s too rapid can therefore lead to financial instability, or even an economic crisis.
So, in practical terms, how can the financial sector take action to support climate action?
There is already a range of financial products (stocks or bonds) that have a positive impact on the climate, and of course many activities that should benefit from credit facilities: resilient agriculture, building insulation, carbon-free transportation… But the main challenge is identifying climate-friendly activities through taxonomy and labeling, while also enabling the assessment of the future economic viability of the activities in question. These are two immense tasks.
And are the financial markets following suit?
There is a vast amount of capital available for the transition, yet for reasons of return on investment, it continues to finance the carbon-intensive economy. However, environmental and social considerations are raising awareness among a significant segment of investors, whether in anticipation of regulations or out of conviction. Central banks also appear to be playing an increasingly important, though still uncertain, role in climate action through regulation and their influence on the banking sector.
How do we determine whether an asset is green or not? It’s easy to engage in greenwashing…
Without a rigorous taxonomy and international standards defining “green” sectors, greenwashing is always a concern. This is one of the levers for public action in finance, as the European Commission recently demonstrated. Conflicting views on these “green” sectors complicate the task: the opposing stances of France and Germany on nuclear power are a prime example. There is also an unacknowledged asymmetry: institutional investors and banks are proactive in their green investments, but divestment from “brown” sectors (coal, oil) is done reluctantly, as high returns remain attractive.
Isn’t it utopian to want to reconcile finance and ecology?
I’m not saying that banks will shoot themselves in the foot out of concern for the environment, but their well-understood interests cannot be based on a purely virtual economy. Economic viability is not logically incompatible with ecological sustainability; there is a middle ground to be found. That said, climate change requires a shift in thinking that cannot happen solely within the financial sector, but one thing is certain: given the sector’s importance, it cannot happen without them. Behind all this lies a long-term ideal: putting finance back in its proper place—that is, at the service of society and not at the service of itself. The success of the certificate program among students proves to us that the idea is taking root among the younger generations.
More eco-friendly than a golden boy
He describes himself as “a product of the financial crisis of 2007–2008.” At the time, Adrien Nguyen-Huu was beginning his PhD in financial mathematics at EDF. “The crisis gave new meaning to the way I wanted to approach finance, and I shifted from financial mathematics to economics in the broader sense, ” explains the researcher. Having become an expert in macroeconomic modeling, he turned his attention to environmental issues and became interested in the impact of productivity constraints —“that is, what happens if the economy has access to less energy or lower-quality energy.” More recently, Adrien Nguyen-Huu, along with his colleagues at CEE-M, has ventured into behavioral finance. He is also an associate researcher in the Energy and Prosperity Chair.
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*CEE-M (UM – CNRS – INRAE – Montpellier SupAgro)