Why do some animals live longer than we do? Or shorter?
Life expectancy varies not only among humans but also among animals. Among humans, the world record for longevity is held by Jeanne Calment, who passed away on August 4, 1997, in Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône) at the age of 122 years, 5 months, and 14 days. But not everyone on the planet lives to be 122 years old.
Simon Galas, University of Montpellier and Myriam Richaud, University of Montpellier
As early as 1982, while studying a small worm 1 mm long Caenorhabditis elegans, scientists were able to determine that genes account for 20 to 50% of a person’s lifespan. Later, it was observed that a person’s lifespan is determined by genes inherited from their parents by about one-third. In France, current life expectancy is 85 years for women and 79 years for men.
But lifespan also varies among animals that manage to break records. Their lifespans may be even more variable than ours—as if we were comparing the lifespan of a mouse (4 years) with that of a bat (24 years), even though they aren’t actually very different. A tiny worm 2 mm long (Strongyloides ratti does even better. Its lifespan is 5 days when it lives in clumps of soil, but 403 days when it parasitizes small mammals. A very, very flexible elastic band!
But there’s even better news. In 1868, an oceanographic expedition around Iceland collected a shell—a clam (Arctia islandica)—whose age was determined in 2005 to be 374 years old, and more recently, 507 years old in other specimens.
An animal that's 11,000 years old!
Also deep in the sea, the glass sponge (Monoraphis chuni) was discovered in 1996 at a depth of 1,110 meters in the China Sea, south of Japan. This sponge produces a type of fiber-glass (silica) stalk, which allowed researchers to determine in 1986 that it was 11,000 years old!
So there are animals that can live much longer than we do, and these two examples show that they are often marine animals. But there are also animals that live for a very short time, such as mayflies, which fly for only a few days, or the peacock moth, whose life span does not exceed a week. These two insects share a curious trait: they lack the ability to feed themselves and are therefore programmed to live for a very short time.
Some animals are also known for their ability to rejuvenate and, perhaps, live even longer. This is the case with the tiny 5-mm marine jellyfish Turritopsis , which is capable of rejuvenating every cell in its body and reverting to a baby jellyfish at will, while the hydra (Hydra vulgaris), which lives in freshwater, is capable of renewing every cell in its body. In this animal, it has been impossible to observe the end of its normal life.
Sometimes, animals can come back to life after a very long period of suspended animation during whichthe animal’s vital functions cease entirely and it may become completely dehydrated—for example, tardigrades collected in Antarctica and revived after a 30-year hibernation, or small nematode worms hidden in squirrel burrows beneath the frozen ground of Siberia that were revived after 42,000 years.
As we can see, some animals have very short lifespans compared to us, while others live much longer. Scientists are studying these animals to try to understand how they function and what determines their lifespan.
How can this variation in life expectancy be explained?
Several explanations have been proposed to account for these vast differences in lifespan. Scientists believe that some animals use mechanisms that allow their cells to remain functional for longer periods without aging—such as the clam or the glass sponge—while others rely on their ability to regenerate their cells at will—such as the small jellyfish or the freshwater hydra—to avoid dying.
So what about us? There is some good news, though. Even though we can’t rejuvenate ourselves at will like some animals, scientists have discovered that we do so every time we have babies.
To produce our reproductive cells (eggs and sperm), our bodies have found a way to force some of our cells to revert to a very, very young state. It is from these cells (germ cells) that a woman produces eggs and a man produces sperm that are no longer their original age but are much younger. It’s like turning back the clock, just as jellyfish and hydras do, but in humans this only happens at the time of reproduction, and that’s what allows us to have babies who aren’t the same age as their parents at birth but are simply the same age as the parents themselves.
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Simon Galas, Professor of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Aging, IBMM CNRS UMR 5247 – School of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier and Myriam Richaud, PhD in Genetics and Molecular Biology of Aging, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Readthe original article.